Disproved once and for all: salat = prayer
The Most Powerful Argument Against the
Traditional Understanding
Amongst traditional Muslims, a commonly held belief is that the Arabic word "salat" exclusively means "prayer", and must be done with specific words in a set routine.
For those who take guidance from 'al quran' ('the reading') alone, different views have emerged about the word "salat". Some still hold onto the view that it means "prayer" and that Muslims should uphold (aqamoo*) it.
*aqamoo is the Arabic word for uphold/maintain/establish, a word often used in front of the word "salat" in 'the reading'.
This discussion will focus on chapter 9, verses 1-12, of 'the reading'. Thus, the reader is urged to read these verses carefully, from several translations at least (choose any ones you wish). The following translation is a self-modified version of the ProgressiveMuslims.org translation:
Chapter 9
1. An acquittal/release from
The God and His messenger to those with whom you made a treaty
from among the polytheists.
2. Therefore, roam the earth for four months and know
that you will not escape The God, and that The God will disgrace
the ungrateful/rejecters.
3. And an announcement from The God and His messenger to
the people on the day of the greatest hajj/symposium: "The God
is quit/free from the polytheists and so is His messenger". If
you repent, then it is better for you, and if you turn away,
then know that you will not escape The God. And give news to
those who conceal/reject of a painful retribution.
4. Except for those with whom you had a treaty from among
the polytheists if they did not reduce anything from it nor did
they plan to attack you; you shall continue the treaty with them
until its expiry. Truly, The God loves the
forethoughtful/conscientious.
5. So when the restricted months are passed, then you may
fight the polytheists wherever you find them, and take them, and
surround them, and stand against them at every point. If they
repent, and uphold/maintain the salat and bring forth the
betterment, then clear/vacate their way/path. Truly, The God is
Turning/Forgiving, Embracing/Merciful.
6. And if anyone from the polytheists seeks your
protection, then you may protect him so that he may hear the
word of The God, then deliver him to his safety/security. This
is because they are a people who do not know.
7. How can those polytheists have a pledge/agreement
with The God and His messenger, except for those with whom you
made a pledge/agreement in the presence of the inviolable time
of acknowledgement? As long as they are straight with you, then
you are straight with them. Truly, The God loves the
forethoughtful/conscientious.
8. How is it when they gain the upper-hand they disregard
all ties, either those of kinship or of pledge. They seek to
please you with their words, but their hearts are hostile, and
most of them are wicked.
9. They purchased with The God's signs/revelations a
small gain, so they could turn others from His path. Truly, evil
is what they were doing.
10. They do not respect believers, nor a kinship, nor a
pledge. These are the transgressors/wrongdoers.
11. But if they repent, and
uphold/maintain the salat and bring forth the
betterment, then they are your brothers/allies in the
obligation/system. We detail/explain our signs/revelations for a
people who know.
12. And if they break their oaths after making them, and
they assail (cause damage) in your obligation/system; then you
may fight the chiefs of ungratefulness/rejection. Truly, their
oaths are nothing to them, perhaps they will then stop.
The reason why these verses are important is because the wording used here for polytheists is the same as that used for believers in many other places in 'the reading', with respect to "salat". The wording I am referring to is as follows:
"wa aqamoo al salat" = "and uphold/maintain the salat"
This phrase is used many times (about 40) for believers in 'the reading', some of which are: 2:177, 2:277, 7:170, 13:22, 22:41, 35:18, 35:29, 42:38. And in these occurrences it is taken, by some, to mean "prayer" thus clearly, it is very interesting then, when 'the reading' uses this same phrase for polytheists!
polytheist: one who worships or believes in more than one god.
Is it being
suggested that the polytheists uphold/maintain the prayer,
even though they are polytheists? Do they pray to their gods?
Is The God giving them an ultimatum: somehow convert to Muslims
and uphold/maintain the prayer or if they don't they will get
punished?
My answer to all three questions would be no, because this
doesn't make sense. However, for those who believe salat=prayer,
they are forced into a corner: do they accept their
interpretation doesn't make sense and reconsider their view of
salat OR do they continue to follow salat=prayer
and make the verses fit their view?
I have no doubt in my mind, that their initial reaction will
be to choose the latter option. If they do not, their entire
argument for salat=prayer collapses because there is
no way 'the reading' would use the exact same wording for
polytheists and believers, telling both of them to
uphold/maintain the prayer!
'The reading' itself will prove conclusively beyond doubt, that to hold the salat=prayer view for these verses is impossible without severe reinterpretation of the text/meanings and ignoring what the text actually says. Lets analyse the verses in detail:
9:1 begins with the Arabic word 'barratun' which means acquittal/release/absolve [see also 54:43], signifying the subject of this verse and the following verses. This verse tees up the rest of the verses in this direction. Thus it is established right from the start it is about a treaty with the polytheists. There has been an acquittal/release, thus the treaty has effectively been terminated with the polytheists.
9:2 uses a firm tone. The word "you" clearly refers to the mushrikeen/polytheists from the previous verse (i.e. those with whom the treaty was terminated). They are also called kafireen/ungrateful/rejecters at the end. This word implies what led to the treaty's termination.
9:3 discusses an announcement to the
people: "The God
is quit/free from the polytheists and so is His messenger". This
is clearly a public announcement of the termination of the
treaty. This is clearly demonstrated by 'the reading' using the
same* word as it did in 9:1
to describe the same event - 'baree' which means
quit/free [see also 4:112, 6:19, 6:78,
8:48, 10:41, 11:35, 11:54, 26:216, 59:16].
For the remaining verse the object of the word "you" is
continued, i.e. "you" is referring to the polytheists
(specifically those who violated the treaty). Hence, the phrase
"If you repent...", because repenting is only done when someone
has done something wrong. The only wrongdoing mentioned
in the context is the violation of the treaty, thus it is solid
that repent ('tubtum' in Arabic) refers to this.
*they share the same root (Ba-Ra-Alif) and verb form, but are different derivatives (similar to acquittal and quit).
9:4 begins with the Arabic word "illa" which means "except", thus reinforcing the point that the object of reference in the previous verse are those who violated the treaty. This verse continues with the opening subject of treaty violation, and explains what was actually done to violate the treaty.
9:5 continues with the object of reference - mushrikeen/polytheists
-
and then uses the words "If they repent and
uphold/maintain the salat...". Here, "they" obviously
refers to the polytheists, but yet "they" are ordered to
uphold/maintain the salat! This is where the salat=prayer
view becomes exposed.
I hope the reader has realised it is extremely unlikely that the
polytheists are being ordered to uphold/maintain the prayer,
thus in order for the salat=prayer view to hold, reinterpretation
of
the text/meanings becomes necessary.
Traditional Muslims have explained away this anomaly by
arguing that somehow a conversion has taken place and the
previous polytheists have now become Muslims. Even
though the actual text says nothing like this, they put forth
the following argument: the word repent (taboo in Arabic)
implies a conversion. They are forced into choosing this because
the only word in between "If they (polytheists)..." &
"...and uphold/maintain the salat" is repent/taboo.
Hence, a change must have occurred between these two points, and
this change must be related to taboo.
'The reading' has already shown this word, as used in 9:3,
simply means 'repent'. But lets further examine this
reinterpretation of repent/taboo to see if it is correct.
The root of the Arabic words tubtum & taboo
is Ta-Waw-Ba (TWB) and this root occurs 87 times in 'the
reading':
taba verb form (I)
The examples in this specific case are in the perfect active state, and occur 34 times: [2:37, 2:54, 2:160, 2:187, 2:279, 3:89, 4:16, 4:18, 4:146, 5:34, 5:39, 5:71, 6:54, 7:143, 7:153, 9:3, 9:5, 9:11, 9:117 (x2), 9:118, 11:112, 16:119, 19:60, 20:82, 20:122, 24:5, 25:70, 25:71, 28:67, 40:7, 46:15, 58:13, 73:20]
imperfect active state - [2:160, 3:128, 4:17 (x2), 4:26, 4:27, 5:39, 5:74, 9:15, 9:27, 9:74, 9:102, 9:106, 9:118, 9:126, 25:71, 33:24, 33:73, 49:11, 66:4, 85:10]
imperative state - [2:54, 2:128, 11:3, 11:52, 11:61, 11:90, 24:31, 66:8, noun verb - 3:90, 4:17, 4:18, 4:92, 9:104, 40:3, 42:25, 66:8, participle active - 9:112, 66:5]
matab, noun masculine - [13:30, 25:71]
tawwab, noun masculine - [2:37, 2:54, 2:128, 2:160, 2:222, 4:16, 4:64, 9:104, 9:118, 24:10, 49:12, 110:3]
Grammatically: 'perfect' means an action done or completed, 'active' refers to the doer of the action, 'imperfect' means action in the process of being done, 'imperative' means "mood," order or command.
Can this word possibly mean conversion? To find out, we can use several different methods:
1) Check all 34 occurrences to see if there is a clear example of 'conversion'. Not only that, we can check the entire root to see if this meaning (conversion) is possible. Thus, out of 87 occurrences, how many show a conversion has taken place? The answer is zero, there are no other examples of polytheists converting to Muslims. Feel free to check the occurrences.
2) Check if the Classical Arabic dictionaries give 'conversion' as a possible meaning of the root Ta-Waw-Ba:
'Dictionary of the Holy Quran'
by Abdul Mannan Omar
(which utilises: 'Al-Mufradat fi Gharib al-Quran', 'Lisan
al-Arab', 'Taj al-Arus min Jawahir al Qamus' and
'The Arabic English Lexicon')
To
return;
repent; turn one's self in a repentant manner (with ila/to
or
without
it), turn with mercy (with ala), repentance.
'The Arabic English Lexicon' by
Edward W. Lane
He
repented;
or repented toward God (as will be shown by what follows),
adapt to repentance, returning from disobedience to obedience.
From
the above, its clear 'conversion' is not listed as one
of the possible meanings.
It should be noted that the possible meaning 'return' is given.
Thus some might say they are being asked to return to Islam, or
return as Muslims. Since the context never
mentions they were Muslims originally, this is a completely
baseless assumption. Furthermore, it can be seen from the
usage of the word itself throughout 'the reading', it is
unlikely to mean 'return'. Even if it did mean return, it would
obviously refer to returning to the treaty.
The underlined parts in the dictionary quotes show that the word
(repent) can mean repent with or without a following 'ila'
which means 'to'. And secondly, the object that follows 'repent'
can tell us to whom the repentance is being done, if it
is not clear from the context. Please note, that both
sources state it is not necessary for an object to follow the
word 'repent'.
From the dictionary meanings, the only possibility of a word
that could imply conversion is "turn", i.e. turn to
God/Islam (even though the underlined part is an
insertion/extrapolation). However if "turn" is used, then it
should be followed by an object. Not only does this make sense
logically, this is how 'the reading' itself uses it! Can those
who support the 'taboo=turn (to God/Islam) in 9:5' view find another example where
"turn" is meant but no object is mentioned? The answer is no,
there is none.
In other words, this word is never used to mean "turn"
without mentioning an object that the turning is done to. Once
again, feel free to check the occurrences.
In fact, this is how 'the reading' distinguishes the usage of
the term. When the prepositions 'ila/to' or 'ala/to'
are used twb always means turn. Without them, twb
means repent. You will not find an exception to this rule in
the entire quran. Not only is this alluded to in
'Dictionary of the Holy Quran', it is also explicitly
stated in 'A Concordance of The Quran' by Hanna E
Kassis:
taba vb. (I) ~ repent, to be penitent, to do penance; (with prep. ala) to turn towrds someone (in forgiveness); (with prep. ila) to turn towrds someone (in penance). (n. vb.) repentnce, penitance. (pcple. act.) one who repents, penitent.
3) Use the grammar of the verse. A closer examination of the grammar reveals that it is extremely unlikely for the final "...hum" to refer to other than the previous "...hum" (i.e. the polytheists). "...hum" is simply an Arabic suffix (found at the end of words) which means "them/their/they" referring to the previous object of reference. An example: "The Government is responsible for the control and administration of public policy. They decide which laws to pass through debate and review committees which they appoint."
The transliteration and translation will be posted side by side for comparison:
Fa-itha insalakha al-ashhuru alhurumu faoqtuloo almushrikeena haythu wajadtumoohum wakhuthoohum waohsuroohum waoqAAudoo lahum kulla marsadin fa-in taboo waaqamoo alssalata waatawoo alzzakata fakhalloo sabeelahum inna Allaha ghafoorun raheemun
So when the restricted months are passed, then you may fight the polytheists wherever you find them, and take them, and surround them, and stand against them at every point. If they repent, and uphold/maintain the salat and bring forth the betterment, then clear/vacate their path. Truly, The God is Turning/Forgiving, Embracing/Merciful.
If those who believe the final "hum"
in "sabeelahum" refers to converts, then please
provide other examples where 'the reading' changes the object of
reference mid-sentence. Furthermore, where a verb (e.g. repent/taboo)
is used to create a new group of people, then that creation is
used as a reference for "...hum". Can they find any
examples like this in the entire quran?
To put it simply, there is zero
evidence from the grammar or linguistically that shows this
passage refers to people who are not mentioned at all. In
fact, the evidence goes against that being the case.
4) Use our logic/reason. Is it logical that The God would give the polytheists an ultimatum, forcing them to convert to Muslims otherwise they will be punished? This notion is nowhere to be found in 'the reading' and completely goes against its principles, which state:
There is no compulsion in this obligation/system, the right way has been made clear from the wrong way. Whoever rejects falsities, and believes in The God, then he has grasped the most solid branch that will ever break. The God is Hearer, Aware/Knower. [2:256]
5) Cross-reference within
Quran, e.g. 19:60, 25:70, wherein "to repent and believe" are
mentioned separately, showing they are not the same.
The situation in 9:1-12 is similar to the thief [5:38-39] and those who fight against
The God and His messenger [5:33-34],
they are not required to convert, they are required to repent
and amend, i.e. it is not necessary for them to become Muslim,
as this would be absurd. Nor are they required to repent to
The God, because this would imply there are no disbelieving
thieves, an impossibility. That is why there is no 'ila/to'
mentioned in the context, just like in 9:3, 9:5, 9:11. 'The
reading' could have easily used 'ila/to' if that was
actually the intended meaning, like it did in 66:4 for example, but it didn't.
If repenting to The God or converting to Muslim was
required then imagining a workable example in a real-life
situation is difficult. The reader is strongly recommended to
think of real-life situations.
9:6 If we accept conversion as one of the options, lets look at the solution apparently suggested:
1) The polytheists convert to Muslims,
uphold/maintain the prayer and bring forth the betterment.
OR
2) They can seek protection, without the need to give an apology, no re-commitment to the treaty, no
compensation, delivered to safety/security, nothing in return
except having to ask for protection.
This is extremely unlikely, especially when considering the firm tone of the verses. The only way the above can be made plausible is if option (2) actually refers to delivering them to their safety/security, i.e. out with the community/land, i.e. banishment. From my understanding of the verses and taking into account 5:33, this is what is recommended. But if this is chosen for those who hold the salat=prayer view, then it means people either convert to Muslims or are banished from the land/community. Is this likely?
The phrase which follows "fa khalloo sabeelahum" = "then clear/vacate their way/path", implies that they should be allowed to go their own way/path, i.e. practice their own faith, if they "uphold/maintain the oath/bond* and bring forth the betterment". This is an insightful understanding for any multi-faith based society. In fact, this is how many Western societies work today, i.e. as long as you live by the law of the land you are allowed to practice your own faith.
*to see how 'salat' can be understood as 'oath/bond', please read on.
9:7-10 continues with the object of reference: the polytheists.
9:11 "they" (mushrikeena/polytheists, muAAtadoon/transgressors/wrongdoers)
are
asked
to repent/taboo. Once again, those who believe salat=prayer
are
forced
to reinterpret taboo to mean "turn", even though there
is no ila/to used after, and it has been shown taboo
is never used in the entire quran to mean "turn" without
stating the object that is being turned to in the context. This
fact alone should disprove their entire argument but they can
cling to the implication that telling them to uphold/maintain
the salat is sufficient enough to imply the object must
be Islam/God. Even if this is a possible implication, it doesn't
change the fact its never used like that in the rest of 'the
reading'.
It can be alleged that they must be converts because they can be
regarded as our "brothers in the system/obligation*".
On the surface this seems like a good point, but after
examination of the term akhw/brother, it becomes weak.
Firstly, lets see what the Classical Arabic dictionaries say
about this word:
*deen does not mean religion, it is closer to the meaning of obligation/due [see 12:76, 15:35, 24:25]. Alternatively, please check any Classical Arabic dictionary.
'Dictionary of the Holy Quran'
by Abdul Mannan Omar
Male person having the same parents as another or a male
only having one parent in common; person of the same
descent/land/creed/faith with others; brother; friend;
companion; match; fellow of a pair; kinsman; intimately
acquainted.
'The Arabic English Lexicon' by
Edward W. Lane
A brother. Signifying the relation of a brother -
brotherhood/fraternity. Act in a brotherly manner. An
associate/fellow. Sister, female friend. When it does
not relate to birth, it means conformity/similarity and
combination/agreement or unison in action.
Clearly, according to the
dictionaries, akhw has a much wider meaning. In fact,
'the reading' itself confirms this understanding [2:220, 3:103, 7:65, 7:73, 7:85, 11:50, 11:61,
15:47, 17:27, 26:106, 26:124, 26:142, 26:161, 27:45, 33:5,
46:21, 49:10, 58:22]. Specifically see 3:156 where the
term is used for those who have the trait of "kafar"
(ungrateful/concealer/rejecter), and also see 33:18. It simply
means a fellow/comrade/companion.
Now, I will admit that this wider understanding of akhw/brother for 9:11 is not solid from the evidence so far, but the following verse clarifies and proves the point conclusively. Please note the final object of reference for this verse: "then they are your brothers...".
9:12 proves "they" are not
brothers in terms of Muslims or believers or in terms
of conversion because it continues on from 9:11 with And/wa and states
"And if they
break their oaths after making them...". Its clear the verses
have been referencing "they" with transgressors/polytheists
throughout, especially the verses before 9:11. If they have
converted, why are they
still being held to account for their oaths? What is going on?
One answer, and perhaps the only one that can be put forth, to
resolve this confusion from the traditional viewpoint, is that
these oaths refer to the "oath of Islam" that was
apparently undertaken during the alleged conversion! Firstly,
there is no formal/ceremonial public "oath of Islam"
ever mentioned in 'the reading'. Secondly, if this is the view
held then they are expecting a great deal from the small word
taboo: "oath of Islam" is a noun, whilst turn/taboo
is a verb, so which is it? It cant be both. And last but by no
means least, nowhere in 'the reading' does it state fight
those who break their "oath of Islam", i.e. those who
become disbelievers after accepting Islam. In fact,
people are free to believe then disbelieve if they wish [4:137].
The wording of this verse strongly implies that they (polytheists/transgressors) are not considered to be anything other than polytheists/transgressors: "...and THEY assail in YOUR obligation/system (deen)...". This clearly shows they are being discussed as separate groups and it was NEVER considered their "deen".
Additional Notes
Not once in 9:1-12 are a section of the polytheists/transgressors referenced as believers/mumineen. If indeed, a conversion had taken place and they were performing prayer (which requires belief) they could have been referenced as believers. This could have easily been done in 9:11 with "then they are believers in the obligation/system". This would have nullified my entire argument. Its no coincidence this never happened. It never happened because this was never meant.
Some people have still argued that these signs/verses discuss conversion in order to make peace. IF this is the case, where else in the entire quran does The God give conversion as a possible solution for similar problematic situations? Can they find any? And if this is possible, why is this so-called solution listed some of the time and not others? What is their criteria?
It has been suggested that since they are required to bring forth the zakat this implies they must be Muslims because only Muslims can give/bring/produce the zakat. This is not the case [see 7:156, 19:55, 41:6-7]
Say: "I am
no more than a human being like you, who is being inspired
that your God is one God, therefore you shall be straight
towards Him and ask His forgiveness. And woe to those
polytheists. [41:6]
"Those who do not bring forth the zakat, and
with regard to the Hereafter, they are rejecters/concealers" [41:7]
As a side
note: zakat does not equal charity. It means positive
development, betterment (which can include giving charity).
However reviewing the meaning of this word is not the purpose
of this article. For further reading on this point, please
click here.
The above
passage should be read in conjunction with 8:30-40 which seems
to discuss the same events.
Conclusion
Now, I would like to concentrate on what the verses are actually recommending rather than discussing the traditional argument.
Those who
violated the treaty are asked to repent. A true repentance
obviously means actually acknowledging wrongdoing,
apologising, and ceasing wrongdoing [see 25:71]. Those who do not are warned
of an upcoming painful retribution.
Once the restricted months are past (like a period of
amnesty), those who violated the treaty and did not repent can
be fought. If any of them now repent, they are required to
uphold/maintain the oath/bond and bring forth the betterment.
If they do this, their way is cleared. If they disagree, they
can continue to be fought until they accept the terms or ask
for protection (i.e. give up but still not accept the terms).
If they do this, protection is granted, and they are delivered
to their safety/security out with the land/community.
As you can see so far, all options are covered, except what
happens to those who repent and uphold/maintain the oath/bond
and bring forth the betterment initially but eventually break
the oath/bond. This is covered in 9:11-12.
If the oaths are now broken, the leaders of this activity are
fought until this activity is stopped.
It is interesting to note the progressing options from 9:1-12. A point not recognised by the traditional understanding. Perhaps this is because to acknowledge progressing options would disprove their position. What I mean by this is that in 9:12 the punishment recommended is fighting the chiefs of rejection only, but this is not the case in 9:5. Therefore, they cannot be referring to the same situation. So what has changed? Since 9:12 is a continuation of 9:11, we can analyse them both together to see if there is an explanation. Upon examination, it is clear the only thing they were asked to uphold/maintain is the salat, and in doing so a direct opposing/contrasting comparison is made:
11. But if they
repent, and uphold/maintain the salat
and bring forth the betterment,
then they are your brothers/allies in the obligation/system.
We detail/explain our signs/revelations for a people who
know.
12. And if they break their
oaths after making them, and they assail (cause damage) in
your obligation/system; then
you may fight the chiefs of ungratefulness/rejection. Truly,
their oaths are nothing to them, perhaps they will then stop.
To give this further weight, a question has to be asked: can salat mean oath/bond? See below:
'The Arabic English
Lexicon' by Edward W. Lane
prayer, supplication, petition, oration,
eulogy, benediction, commendation,
blessing, honour, magnifiy, bring
forth, follow closely.
In a horse race when the second horse follows the first one
so closely that its head always overlaps the first horse’s
body that horse is called AL-MUSSALLI (i.e.the one who follows closely / remains attached / remains
in contact).
Central portion of the back, portion from where the tail of an
animal comes out, the rump.
For further evidence, please read the following article, which demonstrates the core meaning of Sad-Lam-Waw (root of salat) is "to go/turn towards (in a positive/close manner). There is not one exception to this core meaning in the entire quran.
An Understanding of salat from Al Quran
Also, 8:30-40 seems to be
discussing the same events as 9:1-19. In 8:35 it says for those
who have the trait of "kafar", that their salat/bond at the
house was nothing but noise/whistling and
clapping/deception/aversion. When two groups sign a treaty or
make a bond in public, it is usually accompanied by cheer and
applause. This further reinforces the understanding given above.
Thus, it has been shown that 'the reading' itself proves,
beyond reasonable doubt, that "salat" cannot mean
"prayer" in these verses. This conclusion exposes the myth
of the traditional understanding.
Once again, the options are clear: does one accept what al
quran says or does one accept what they've been taught it
says?
Shall I seek other than The God as
a judge when He has sent down to you this scripture fully
detailed? Those whom We have given the scripture know it is sent
down from your Lord with truth; so do not be of those who have
doubt. And the word of your Lord has been completed with truth
and justice, there is no changing His words. He is the Hearer,
the Knower. And if you obey the majority of those on earth they
will lead you astray; that is because they follow conjecture,
and that is because they only guess.
[al quran, 6:114-116]
It is hoped that this article will serve to expose the truth.
IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER:
This article reflects my personal understanding, as of May 10th, 2005. Seeking knowledge is a continual process and I will try to improve my understanding of the signs within 'the reading' and out with it, unless The God wills otherwise. All information in this article is correct to the best of my knowledge only and thus should not be taken as a fact. One should seek knowledge and verify: 17:36, 20:114, 35:28, 49:6, 58:11. If The God willed, the outcome of this article will be beneficial.
All
feedback is welcome.
email the author: 786kas (at)
lineone.net
(at) = @ with no spaces
References
'The
Arabic English Lexicon' by Edward W. Lane
'Dictionary
of
the
Holy Quran' by Abdul Mannan Omar
Concordance of The Quran
by Hanna E. Kassis
What is the meaning of al masjid al
haram?
The argument in this article initially began as a thread on a forum, which can be found here.
NB: The title/noun "Muslim" (with capital 'M') was used in this article to ease understanding, however, the author strongly rejects the primary signification of the word muslim is as a title/noun. It is a description first & foremost, then a title/noun.
